Types of Relationships between Viruses and Their Hosts: Parasitism, Commensalism and Mutualism
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v14i7.5078-5088.8651Keywords:
Virus-host interactions, Symbiosis, Metagenomics, Cryptic virus, SymbiogenesisAbstract
For many years, studies on viruses have primarily focused on understanding the etiology and pathogenesis of specific diseases. As a result, most of the viruses identified to date are known be pathogenic to their hosts. However, recent advancements in metagenomic techniques have shown that not all viruses are harmful; some may have commensal or mutualistic relationships with their hosts. In particular, studies on virus-host interactions indicated that some mutualistic viruses may contribute positively to their hosts by enhancing their development, strengthening their immune systems, and thus increasing resistance to both biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Certain types of viruses, such as cryptic viruses, are examples of commensalism because they can reside within host cells without causing any noticeable harmful effects. Some viruses may shift between various types of symbiotic relationships as they evolve along with their hosts. Currently, in relation to viruses, a definition of “symbiotic members of life” has been recognized. This review explores the symbiotic relationships between viruses and their hosts, categorizing them into parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism.
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