A Review of the Medicinal, Anticancer and Antimicrobial Effects of Artemisia annua
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v14i5.1445-1456.8588Keywords:
Artemisia , Antimicrobial , Anticarcinogenic , Biological activities , Essential oilsAbstract
Artemisia annua has recently attracted considerable scientific interest due to its rich phytochemical profile and its wide range of therapeutic, ecological, and economic applications. Its most emblematic metabolite, artemisinin, isolated in 1972 and recognized with the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2015, constitutes the cornerstone of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), currently recommended as the first-line treatment against Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Beyond artemisinin, A. annua contains a diverse array of bioactive compounds, including endoperoxide sesquiterpenes, artemisinin derivatives such as artesunate and dihydroartemisinin, as well as monoterpenes (e.g., camphor, artemisia ketone, and 1,8-cineole), flavonoids (e.g., chrysosplenol D, casticin, and artemetin), and polyphenolic constituents. These metabolites contribute to a broad spectrum of biological activities, including antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anticancer effects. Recent studies have demonstrated that extracts and essential oils derived from A. annua exhibit significant inhibitory activity against multidrug-resistant bacteria, pathogenic fungi, and emerging viral pathogens. Moreover, increasing evidence indicates that bioactive compounds from this species can modulate multiple cellular pathways associated with tumor progression, including the induction of apoptosis, ferroptosis, and cell cycle arrest in various cancer cell lines such as breast, lung, colon, and leukemia models. In addition to its pharmacological relevance, monoterpene-rich fractions from A. annua have also shown promising insecticidal and repellent activities, highlighting the plant’s potential applications in agricultural pest management. This review summarizes recent advances in the phytochemistry, molecular mechanisms of action, and preclinical and clinical evidence related to Artemisia annua and its derivatives. Particular attention is given to the synergistic interactions between artemisinin and accompanying phytochemicals that may enhance therapeutic efficacy while reducing the risk of drug resistance. Furthermore, the potential applications of A. annua in medicine and agriculture are discussed, together with the need for well-designed phase III clinical trials to validate its therapeutic potential and facilitate its integration into evidence-based medical practice. In the context of the global challenges posed by antimicrobial resistance and cancer, A. annua represents a valuable source of bioactive compounds with significant prospects for drug development and biopesticide innovation.
References
Abate, G., Zhang, L., Pucci, M., Morbini, G., Mac Sweeney, E., Maccarinelli, G., Ribaudo, G., Gianoncelli, A., Uberti, D., Memo, M., Lucini, L., & Mastinu, A. (2021). Phytochemical Analysis and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Different Ethanolic Phyto-Extracts of Artemisia annua L. Biomolecules, 11(7), 975. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom11070975
Agustina, R., Ari, P. M. S., & Sadikin, N. A. N. (2025). Anticancer effectiveness of Artemisia annua ethanol extract against MDAMB-231 cancer cells. International Journal of Cell and Biomedical Science, 4(10), 332–338. https://doi.org/10.59278/cbs.v4i10.68
Ahmadi, Z., Bayrami, A., Zahri, S., Rahim Pouran, S., & Habibi-Yangjeh, A. (2024). Antineoplastic activity of Artemisia annua bio-united Fe3O4/CeO2 on 4T1 breast cancer cells: in vivo and in vitro. Cancer Nanotechnology, 15(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12645-024-00294-y
Allemailem, K. S. (2022). Aqueous Extract of Artemisia annua Shows In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity and an In Vivo Chemopreventive Effect in a Small-Cell Lung Cancer Model. Plants, 11(23), 3341. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233341
Alrumaihi, F. (2024). Exploring the Chemopreventive Potential of Artemisia annua Methanolic Extract in Colorectal Cancer Induced by Azoxymethane in Mice. Pharmaceuticals, 18(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18010034
Bernatoniene, J., Nemickaite, E., Majiene, D., Marksa, M., & Kopustinskiene, D. M. (2024). In Vitro and In Silico Anti-Glioblastoma Activity of Hydroalcoholic Extracts of Artemisia annua L. and Artemisia vulgaris L. Molecules, 29(11), 2460. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29112460
Bordean, M.-E., Ungur, R. A., Toc, D. A., Borda, I. M., Marțiș, G. S., Pop, C. R., Filip, M., Vlassa, M., Nasui, B. A., Pop, A., Cinteză, D., Popa, F. L., Marian, S., Szanto, L. G., & Muste, S. (2023). Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Artemisia Species. Antioxidants, 12(3), 596. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030596
Boudreau, A., Richard, A. J., Harvey, I., & Stephens, J. M. (2022). Artemisia scoparia and Metabolic Health: Untapped Potential of an Ancient Remedy for Modern Use. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.727061
Chebbac, K., Benziane Ouaritini, Z., El Moussaoui, A., Chalkha, M., Lafraxo, S., Bin Jardan, Y. A., Nafidi, H.-A., Bourhia, M., & Guemmouh, R. (2023). Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Chemically Analyzed Essential Oil of Artemisia annua L. (Asteraceae) Native to Mediterranean Area. Life, 13(3), 807. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13030807
Chen, F., Lu, J., Zheng, B., Yi, N., Xie, C., Chen, F., Wei, D., Jiang, H., & Qin, S. (2024). Artesunate Inhibits the Growth of Insulinoma Cells via SLC7A11/ GPX4-mediated Ferroptosis. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 30(3), 230–239. https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128289372240105041038
Chen, L., Zhu, Y., Guo, C., Guo, Y., Zhao, L., Miao, Y., Du, H., & Liu, D. (2024). Artemisia argyi extract subfraction exerts an antifungal effect against dermatophytes by disrupting mitochondrial morphology and function. Chinese Journal of Natural Medicines, 22(1), 47–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(24)60561-3
Chi, H., & Ly, B. (2022). Artemisia vulgaris inhibits BCR/ABL and promotes apoptosis in chronic myeloid leukemia cells. Biomedical Reports, 17(6), 92. https://doi.org/10.3892/br.2022.1575
Ciapała, K., Rojewska, E., Pawlik, K., Ciechanowska, A., & Mika, J. (2023). Analgesic Effects of Fisetin, Peimine, Astaxanthin, Artemisinin, Bardoxolone Methyl and 740 Y-P and Their Influence on Opioid Analgesia in a Mouse Model of Neuropathic Pain. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(10), 9000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24109000
Ciobotaru, G. V., Goje, I. D., Dehelean, C. A., Danciu, C., Magyari-Pavel, I. Z., Moacă, E. A., Muntean, D., Imbrea, I. M., Sărățeanu, V., & Pop, G. (2025). Analysis of the Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity, Cytotoxic, and Anti-Migratory Properties of the Essential Oils Obtained from Cultivated Medicinal Lamiaceae Species. Plants, 14(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14060846
ClinicalTrials.gov. (2026, March 5). ClinicalTrials.gov. Clinical Studies from around the World.
Das, G., Shin, H.-S., & Patra, J. K. (2024). The Antiviral and Antimalarial Prodrug Artemisinin from the Artemisia Species: A Review. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46(11), 12099–12118. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46110718
Deeken, J. F., Wang, H., Hartley, M., Cheema, A. K., Smaglo, B., Hwang, J. J., He, A. R., Weiner, L. M., Marshall, J. L., Giaccone, G., Liu, S., Luecht, J., Spiegel, J. Y., & Pishvaian, M. J. (2018). A phase I study of intravenous artesunate in patients with advanced solid tumor malignancies. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 81(3), 587–596. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00280-018-3533-8
Ding, X., Zhang, Y., Liang, J., Li, Q., Hu, H., Zhou, Y., & Zhang, B. (2023). Dihydroartemisinin Potentiates VEGFR-TKIs Antitumorigenic Effect on Osteosarcoma by Regulating Loxl2/VEGFA Expression and Lipid Metabolism Pathway. Journal of Cancer, 14(5), 809–820. https://doi.org/10.7150/jca.81623
Dragomanova, S., Andonova, V., Volcho, K., Salakhutdinov, N., Kalfin, R., & Tancheva, L. (2023). Therapeutic Potential of Myrtenal and Its Derivatives—A Review. Life, 13(10), 2086. https://doi.org/10.3390/life13102086
Duda-Madej, A., Viscardi, S., Grabarczyk, M., Topola, E., Kozłowska, J., Mączka, W., & Wińska, K. (2024). Is Camphor the Future in Supporting Therapy for Skin Infections? Pharmaceuticals, 17(6), 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17060715
Ekiert, H., Świątkowska, J., Klin, P., Rzepiela, A., & Szopa, A. (2021). Artemisia annua-Importance in Traditional Medicine and Current State of Knowledge on the Chemistry, Biological Activity and Possible Applications. In Planta Medica (Vol. 87, Number 8, pp. 584–599). Georg Thieme Verlag. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1345-9528
El Ouardi, M., Drioiche, A., El Makhoukhi, F., Mabrouki, J., Hakmi, M., Al kamaly, O., A. Alsfouk, B., Eddamsyry, B., Khamar, H., Zair, T., & Alaoui El Belghiti, M. (2024). Chemical composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant properties of essential oils from Artemisia herba-alba asso. and Artemisia huguetii caball. from Morocco: in vitro and in silico evaluation. Frontiers in Chemistry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2024.1456684
El-gendy, A. el N., ragab, tamerr, Mansour, A., Khalaf, doaa, & Elshamy, A. (2022). Antimicrobial effects of essential oils of Artemisia annua, Mentha longifolia, and Vitex agnus-castus and their nanoemulsions against pathogenic microbes causing cattle mastitis. Egyptian Journal of Chemistry, 0(0), 0–0. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejchem.2022.147800.6430
El-Saadony, M. T., Saad, A. M., Mohammed, D. M., Korma, S. A., Alshahrani, M. Y., Ahmed, A. E., Ibrahim, E. H., Salem, H. M., Alkafaas, S. S., Saif, A. M., Elkafas, S. S., Fahmy, M. A., Abd El-Mageed, T. A., Abady, M. M., Assal, H. Y., El-Tarabily, M. K., Mathew, B. T., AbuQamar, S. F., El-Tarabily, K. A., & Ibrahim, S. A. (2025). Medicinal plants: bioactive compounds, biological activities, combating multidrug-resistant microorganisms, and human health benefits - a comprehensive review. Frontiers in Immunology, 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2025.1491777
Forouhandeh, H., Tarhriz, V., Zadehkamand, M., & Asgharian, P. (2023). Anti-proliferative activity of Artemisia marschalliana on cancerous cell lines. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 23(1), 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-023-03887-z
Fu, C., Zhang, K., Wang, M., & Qiu, F. (2022). Casticin and chrysosplenol D from Artemisia annua L. induce apoptosis by inhibiting topoisomerase IIα in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Phytomedicine, 100, 154095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154095
Golbarg, H., & Mehdipour Moghaddam, M. J. (2021). Antibacterial Potency of Medicinal Plants including Artemisia annua and Oxalis corniculata against Multi‐Drug Resistance E. coil. BioMed Research International, 2021(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/9981915
Gong, R.-H., Yang, D.-J., Kwan, H.-Y., Lyu, A.-P., Chen, G.-Q., & Bian, Z.-X. (2022). Cell death mechanisms induced by synergistic effects of halofuginone and artemisinin in colorectal cancer cells. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 19(1), 175–185. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.66737
Guo, W., Wang, W., Lei, F., Zheng, R., Zhao, X., Gu, Y., Yang, M., Tong, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024). Identifying the Main Components and Mechanisms of Action of Artemisia annua L. in the Treatment of Endometrial Cancer Using Network Pharmacology. ACS Omega. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c08320
Hong, M., Kim, M., Jang, H., Bo, S., Deepa, P., Sowndhararajan, K., & Kim, S. (2023). Multivariate Analysis of Essential Oil Composition of Artemisia annua L. Collected from Different Locations in Korea. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 28(3). https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031131
Ibrahim, K. G., Mukonowenzou, N. C., Usman, D., Adeshina, K. A., & Erlwanger, K. H. (2023). The potential of Artemisia species for use as broad-spectrum agents in the management of metabolic syndrome: a review. Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 129(3), 752–770. https://doi.org/10.1080/13813455.2021.1871761
Irfan, E., Dilshad, E., Ahmad, F., Almajhdi, F. N., Hussain, T., Abdi, G., & Waheed, Y. (2024). Phytoconstituents of Artemisia annua as potential inhibitors of SARS CoV2 main protease: an in silico study. BMC Infectious Diseases, 24(1), 495. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-024-09387-w
Ivanescu, B., CORCIOVA, A., VLASE, L., GHELDIU, A.-M., MIRON, A., ABABEI, D. C., & BILD, V. (2021). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Artemisia extracts on animal models of nociception. Balneo and PRM Research Journal, 12(Vol.12, 1), 34–39. https://doi.org/10.12680/balneo.2021.416
Jin, Q., Liu, T., Chen, D., Yang, L., Mao, H., Ma, F., Wang, Y., Li, P., & Zhan, Y. (2023). Therapeutic potential of artemisinin and its derivatives in managing kidney diseases. In Frontiers in Pharmacology (Vol. 14). Frontiers Media S.A. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1097206
Jung, E. J., Kim, H. J., Shin, S. C., Kim, G. S., Jung, J.-M., Hong, S. C., Chung, K. H., Kim, C. W., & Lee, W. S. (2024). Anticancer Effect by Combined Treatment of Artemisia annua L. Polyphenols and Docetaxel in DU145 Prostate Cancer Cells and HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 46(2), 1621–1634. https://doi.org/10.3390/cimb46020105
Jung, E. J., Kim, H. J., Shin, S. C., Kim, G. S., Jung, J.-M., Hong, S. C., Kim, C. W., & Lee, W. S. (2023). Artemisia annua L. Polyphenols Enhance the Anticancer Effect of β-Lapachone in Oxaliplatin-Resistant HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(24), 17505. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms242417505
Kadkhoda, P., Rezaei Farimani, A., Chamani, E., & Hashemi, S. M. (2024). Molecular Mechanisms of HT-29 Colorectal Cancer Cell Death Induced by Artemisia annua Methanolic Extract. Modern Care Journal, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.5812/mcj-148090
Kitete Mulongo, E., Matondo, A., Ngbolua, K.-T.-N., & Mpiana, P. T. (2025). Computational evaluation of Artemisia annua compounds for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 and hepatitis B virus using molecular docking, MM-GBSA, and molecular dynamics simulation. Discover Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44395-025-00017-1
Koleva, Y., Iliev, I., Gandova, V., & Stoyanova, A. (2024). Carvone – prediction of potential absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. BIO Web of Conferences, 122, 01008. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202412201008
Krishna, S., Ganapathi, S., Ster, I. C., Saeed, M. E. M., Cowan, M., Finlayson, C., Kovacsevics, H., Jansen, H., Kremsner, P. G., Efferth, T., & Kumar, D. (2015). A Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Oral Artesunate Therapy for Colorectal Cancer. EBioMedicine, 2(1), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2014.11.010
Kshirsagar, S. G., & Rao, R. V. (2021). Antiviral and Immunomodulation Effects of Artemisia. Medicina, 57(3), 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57030217
Lee, S.-H., Kim, D.-S., Park, S.-H., & Park, H. (2022). Phytochemistry and Applications of Cinnamomum camphora Essential Oils. Molecules, 27(9), 2695. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27092695
Lee, W. S., Jung, E. J., Kim, H. J., Shin, S. C., Kim, G. S., & Jung, J.-M. (2025). Abstract 6766: Tetraarsenic hexoxide augments the anticancer effects of Artemisia annua polyphenols on both naive and oxaliplatin-resistant HCT116 colorectal cancer cells by downregulating CD44, EGFR and cyclinD1, and increasing DNA damages and intracellular vesicles. Cancer Research, 85(8_Supplement_1), 6766–6766. https://doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.AM2025-6766
Li, J., Feng, L., Yuan, Y., He, T., Zou, X., Su, B., Liu, K., & Yang, X. (2024). Inhibition of HOXC11 by artesunate induces ferroptosis and suppresses ovarian cancer progression through transcriptional regulation of the PROM2/PI3K/AKT pathway. World Journal of Surgical Oncology, 22(1), 268. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12957-024-03544-w
Li, J., Guo, C., Wen, X., Chen, H., Du, H., & Liu, D. (2024). Chemical composition of Artemisia argyi essential oil and its antifungal activity against dermatophytes by inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and causing oxidative damage. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 331, 118344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118344
Li, J., Liu, W., Xu, Y. jun, Fu, Q., & Liu, J. (2025). Coseasonal initiation of Artemisia annua sublingual immunotherapy in children and adult patients with allergic rhinoconjunctivitis. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 282(2), 843–850. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-024-09088-9
Liang, L., Liu, Y., Wu, X., & Chen, Y. (2023). Artesunate induces ferroptosis by inhibiting the nuclear localization of SREBP2 in myeloma cells. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 20(12), 1535–1550. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijms.86409
Liu, C., Liu, X., & Duan, J. (2025). Artemisinin and Its Derivatives: Promising Therapeutic Agents for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Pharmaceuticals, 18(4), 535. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18040535
Liu, X., Renzengwangdui, Tang, S., Zhu, Y., Wang, M., Cao, B., Wang, J., Zhao, B., & Lu, H. (2023). Metabolomic analysis and antibacterial and antioxidant activities of three species of Artemisia plants in Tibet. BMC Plant Biology, 23(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04219-6
Long, Z., Xiang, W., Xiao, W., Min, Y., Qu, F., Zhang, B., & Zeng, L. (2024). Advances in the study of artemisinin and its derivatives for the treatment of rheumatic skeletal disorders, autoimmune inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune disorders: a comprehensive review. Frontiers in Immunology, 15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2024.1432625
Lou, H., Huang, Y., Ouyang, Y., Zhang, Y., Xi, L., Chu, X., Wang, Y., Wang, C., & Zhang, L. (2020). Artemisia annua‐sublingual immunotherapy for seasonal allergic rhinitis: A randomized controlled trial. Allergy, 75(8), 2026–2036. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14218
Lu, X., & Efferth, T. (2021). Repurposing of artemisinin-type drugs for the treatment of acute leukemia. Seminars in Cancer Biology, 68, 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.016
Luo, J., Odaka, Y., Huang, Z., Cheng, B., Liu, W., Li, L., Shang, C., Zhang, C., Wu, Y., Luo, Y., Yang, S., Houghton, P. J., Guo, X., & Huang, S. (2021). Dihydroartemisinin Inhibits mTORC1 Signaling by Activating the AMPK Pathway in Rhabdomyosarcoma Tumor Cells. Cells, 10(6), 1363. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10061363
Ma, L., Wei, L., Chen, X., Wang, W., Lu, J., Li, Y., & Yao, L. (2024). Chemical composition, antioxidative and antimicrobial activities of essential oil of wild Artemisia annua from Ningxia, China. Natural Product Research, 38(24), 4340–4346. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2023.2281001
Ma, L., Zhang, M., Zhao, R., Wang, D., Ma, Y., & Ai, L. (2021). Plant Natural Products: Promising Resources for Cancer Chemoprevention. Molecules, 26(4), 933. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040933
Mandić, M., Ivančić, I., Cvetnić, M., Ferrante, C., Orlando, G., & Vladimir-Knežević, S. (2025). Green Extraction of Volatile Terpenes from Artemisia annua L. Molecules, 30(7), 1638. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30071638
Markov, A. V., Moralev, A. D., & Odarenko, K. V. (2025). Sesquiterpene Lactones as Promising Anti-Glioblastoma Drug Candidates Exerting Complex Effects on Glioblastoma Cell Viability and Proneural–Mesenchymal Transition. Biomedicines, 13(1), 133. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13010133
Markowski, J., & Junka, A. (2025). Multifaceted Action of 1,8-Cineole in Antibacterial and Anti-inflammatory Treatment of Respiratory Tract Diseases. Otolaryngologia Polska, 79(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.9607
Mihaylova-Kroumova, A., Korenkov, V., Wagner, G., & Kinney, J. (2025). Exploring the Potential of Artemisia Annua for Therapeutic Uses in Heated Tobacco Devices. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 31(3), 340–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/10496475.2025.2488336
Minda, D., Ghiulai, R., Banciu, C. D., Pavel, I. Z., Danciu, C., Racoviceanu, R., Soica, C., Budu, O. D., Muntean, D., Diaconeasa, Z., Dehelean, C. A., & Avram, S. (2022). Phytochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Wound Healing Potential of Three Artemisia Species: In Vitro and In Ovo Evaluation. Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1359. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12031359
Mohamed, M. M., Kamel, E. A., Ahmed, K. A., Rashed, L. A., & Ismail, S. H. (2024). The potential efficacy of Artemisia anuua L. extract nanoparticles in mitigating obesity-related-metabolic complications in hypercaloric diet-fed rats. Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 11(1), 183–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/2314808X.2024.2331903
Mojarab-Mahboubkar, M., Afrazeh, Z., Azizi, R., & Sendi, J. J. (2023). Efficiency of Artemisia annua L. essential oil and its chitosan/tripolyphosphate or zeolite encapsulated form in controlling Sitophilus oryzae L. Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 195, 105544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105544
Mosoh, D. A., & Vendrame, W. A. (2025). Engineered elicitation in Artemisia annua L. callus cultures alters artemisinin biosynthesis, antioxidant responses, and bioactivity. Npj Science of Plants, 1(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44383-025-00009-1
Myint, Z., St. Clair, W. H., Strup, S., Hensley, P. J., Yan, D., Ellis, C. S., & Kolesar, J. (2024). Phase II trial of ArtemiCoffee for men with biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after local therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 42(4_suppl), TPS350–TPS350. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2024.42.4_suppl.TPS350
Nabi, N., Singh, S., & Saffeullah, P. (2023). An updated review on distribution, biosynthesis and pharmacological effects of artemisinin: A wonder drug. Phytochemistry, 214, 113798. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113798
Nair, M. S., Huang, Y., Fidock, D. A., Polyak, S. J., Wagoner, J., Towler, M. J., & Weathers, P. J. (2021). Artemisia annua L. extracts inhibit the in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2 and two of its variants. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 274, 114016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2021.114016
Niederreiter, M., Klein, J., Arndt, K., Werner, J., & Mayer, B. (2023). Anti-Cancer Effects of Artesunate in Human 3D Tumor Models of Different Complexity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), 7844. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097844
Orege, J. I., Adeyemi, S. B., Tiamiyu, B. B., Akinyemi, T. O., Ibrahim, Y. A., & Orege, O. B. (2023). Artemisia and Artemisia-based products for COVID-19 management: current state and future perspective. In Advances in Traditional Medicine (Vol. 23, Number 1, pp. 85–96). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-021-00576-5
Ouassaf, M., Bourougaa, L., Bahaz, F., & Alhatlani, B. Y. (2024). Exploring the Antiviral Potential of Artemisia annua Through JAK-STAT Pathway Targeting: A Network Pharmacology Approach. Pharmaceuticals, 17(11), 1539. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17111539
Polito, F., Di Mercurio, M., Rizzo, S., Di Vito, M., Sanguinetti, M., Urbani, A., Bugli, F., & De Feo, V. (2024). Artemisia spp. Essential Oils: From Their Ethnobotanical Use to Unraveling the Microbiota Modulation Potential. Plants, 13(7), 967. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants13070967
Posadino, A. M., Giordo, R., Pintus, G., Mohammed, S. A., Orhan, I. E., Fokou, P. V. T., Sharopov, F., Adetunji, C. O., Gulsunoglu-Konuskan, Z., Ydyrys, A., Armstrong, L., Sytar, O., Martorell, M., Razis, A. F. A., Modu, B., Calina, D., Habtemariam, S., Sharifi-Rad, J., & Cho, W. C. (2023). Medicinal and mechanistic overview of artemisinin in the treatment of human diseases. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 163, 114866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114866
Qanash, H., Bazaid, A., Aldarhami, A., Alharbi, B., Almashjary, M., Hazzazi, M., Felemban, H., & Abdelghany, T. (2023). Phytochemical Characterization and Efficacy of Artemisia judaica Extract Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles as Inhibitors of Cancer Proliferation and Microbial Growth. Polymers, 15(2), 391. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15020391
Roesch, C., Ashraf, K., Vantaux, A., Marin, A. A., Maher, S. P., Franetich, J.-F., Kloeung, N., Ke, S., Vo, H. T. M., Barale, J.-C., Mazier, D., & Witkowski, B. (2025). Assessment of the in vitro activity and selectivity of Artemisia afra and Artemisia annua aqueous extracts against artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria Journal, 24(1), 150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-025-05375-w
Sakhaie, F., Adel, M., Safari, R., Firouzbakhsh, F., Nosrati Movafagh, A., & Stadtlander, T. (2025). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Artemisia annua (L.) essential oil against different fish pathogens. BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, 28(1), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2023-0087
Sanshita, Devi, N., Bhattacharya, B., Sharma, A., Singh, I., Kumar, P., Huanbutta, K., & Sangnim, T. (2025). From Citrus to Clinic: Limonene’s Journey Through Preclinical Research, Clinical Trials, and Formulation Innovations. International Journal of Nanomedicine, Volume 20, 4433–4460. https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S514247
Sembiring, B., Gusmaini, Nurhayati, H., & Kurniasari, I. (2022). Antioxidant activity of Artemisia (Artemisia annua) extract on several concentrations and solvents. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 974(1), 012119. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/974/1/012119
Shaaban, M. T., Abdel-Hamid, M. S., Orabi, S. H., Korany, R. M. S., & Elbawab, R. H. (2024). Assessment of the antibacterial efficacy of silver nanoparticles-based Artemisia annua against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus-infected lung tissues in albino rats. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology, 15(1), 25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40543-024-00436-2
Sharifi-Rad, J., Herrera-Bravo, J., Semwal, P., Painuli, S., Badoni, H., Ezzat, S. M., Farid, M. M., Merghany, R. M., Aborehab, N. M., Salem, M. A., Sen, S., Acharya, K., Lapava, N., Martorell, M., Tynybekov, B., Calina, D., & Cho, W. C. (2022). Artemisia spp: An Update on Its Chemical Composition, Pharmacological and Toxicological Profiles. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2022(1). https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5628601
Shen, Z., Zhang, P., Kang, W., Chen, X., Li, H., Shao, Y., Liu, L., & Quan, F. (2023). Clinical efficacy in one-year treatment with Artemisia annua-SLIT drops in monosensitized and polysensitized individuals. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 44(6), 104002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.104002
Shi, H., Xiong, L., Yan, G., Du, S., Liu, J., & Shi, Y. (2023). Susceptibility of cervical cancer to dihydroartemisinin-induced ferritinophagy-dependent ferroptosis. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1156062
Shinyuy, L. M., Loe, G. E., Jansen, O., Mamede, L., Ledoux, A., Noukimi, S. F., Abenwie, S. N., Ghogomu, S. M., Souopgui, J., Robert, A., Demeyer, K., & Frederich, M. (2023). Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Artemisia afra and Artemisia annua and Their Anti-Malarial, Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulating Properties—Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: A Review. Metabolites, 13(5), 613. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13050613
Singh, N. B., Devi, M. L., Biona, T., Sharma, N., Das, S., Chakravorty, J., Mukherjee, P. K., & Rajashekar, Y. (2023). Phytochemical Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oil from the Leaves of Artemisia vulgaris L. Molecules, 28(5), 2279. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052279
Soni, R., Shankar, G., Mukhopadhyay, P., & Gupta, V. (2022). A concise review on Artemisia annua L.: A major source of diverse medicinal compounds. Industrial Crops and Products, 184, 115072. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.115072
Strik, H., Efferth, T., & Kaina, B. (2024). Artesunate in glioblastoma therapy: Case reports and review of clinical studies. Phytomedicine, 123, 155274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155274
Sun, J., Xufeng, J., Qiu, Z., Gao, Q., Zhu, Z., He, J., Gao, S., & Sui, X. (2025). Artemisiae Annuae Herba: from anti-malarial legacy to emerging anti-cancer potential. Theranostics, 15(15), 7346–7377. https://doi.org/10.7150/thno.115414
Swamikannu, B., Umapathy, V. R., Natarajan, P. M., Nandini, M., Queency Stylin, A. G. S., Vimalarani, V., & Rajinikanth, S. (2024). Unlocking the Therapeutic Benefits of Artemisia Annua: A Comprehensive Overview of its Medicinal Properties. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, 16(Suppl 5), S4248–S4253. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1250_24
Taubenschmid Stowers, J., Orthofer, M., Laemmerer, A., Krauditsch, C., Rózsová, M., Studer, C., Lötsch, D., Gojo, J., Gabler, L., Dyczynski, M., Efferth, T., Hagelkruys, A., Widhalm, G., Peyrl, A., Spiegl‐Kreinecker, S., Hoepfner, D., Bian, S., Berger, W., Knoblich, J. A., … Penninger, J. M. (2023). A whole‐genome scan for Artemisinin cytotoxicity reveals a novel therapy for human brain tumors. EMBO Molecular Medicine, 15(3). https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202216959
Tavares, W. R., Seca, A. M. L., & Barreto, M. C. (2025). Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Artemisia and Salvia Genera in Cancer, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Short Review of Clinical Evidence. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(3), 1028. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14031028
Trinh, P. T. N., Truc, N. C., Danh, T. T., Trang, N. T. T., Le Hang, D. T., Vi, L. N. T., Hung, Q. T., & Dung, L. T. (2024). A study on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the Artemisia vulgaris L. extract and its fractions. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 334, 118519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2024.118519
Tsamesidis, I., Papadimitriou-Tsantarliotou, A., Christodoulou, A., Amanatidou, D., Avgeros, C., Stalika, E., Bousnaki, M., Michailidou, G., Beketova, A., Eleftheriou, P., Bikiaris, D. N., Vizirianakis, I. S., & Kontonasaki, E. (2024). Investigating the Cytotoxic Effects of Artemisia absinthium Extract on Oral Carcinoma Cell Line. Biomedicines, 12(12), 2674. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12122674
Umam, K., Feng, C.-S., Yang, G., Tu, P.-C., Lin, C.-Y., Yang, M.-T., Kuo, T.-F., Yang, W.-C., & Tran Nguyen Minh, H. (2023). Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Mode of Action of the Anti-Bacterial Artemisia Plants. Bioengineering, 10(6), 633. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering10060633
Vakhrusheva, O., Erb, H. H. H., Bräunig, V., Markowitsch, S. D., Schupp, P., Baer, P. C., Slade, K. S., Thomas, A., Tsaur, I., Puhr, M., Culig, Z., Cinatl, J., Michaelis, M., Efferth, T., Haferkamp, A., & Juengel, E. (2022). Artesunate Inhibits the Growth Behavior of Docetaxel-Resistant Prostate Cancer Cells. Frontiers in Oncology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.789284
Vaquera-Jiménez, A., Santiago-Adame, R., Mireles-Martínez, M., Torres-Ortega, J. A., Rosas-García, N. M., & Villegas-Mendoza, J. M. (2023). EN PRENSA. Extracto metanólico de Artemisia ludoviciana “estafiate” contra larva de Spodoptera frugiperda. EN PRENSA. Revista Bio Ciencias, 10. https://doi.org/10.15741/revbio.10.e1432
Wang, J., Zhang, J., Guo, Z., Hua, H., Zhang, H., Liu, Y., & Jiang, Y. (2024). Targeting HSP70 chaperones by rhein sensitizes liver cancer to artemisinin derivatives. Phytomedicine, 122, 155156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155156
Wang, M., Chen, H., He, X., Zhao, X., Zhang, H., Wang, Y., & Wang, H. (2022). Artemisinin inhibits the development of esophageal cancer by targeting HIF-1α to reduce glycolysis levels. Journal of Gastrointestinal Oncology, 13(5), 2144–2153. https://doi.org/10.21037/jgo-22-877
Wang, X., & Cock, I. E. (2022). Antibacterial Activity and Toxicity Profiles of Artemisia annua L. Extracts and Conventional Antibiotics against Bacterial Triggers of Some Autoimmune Diseases. Pharmacognosy Communications, 12(2), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.5530/pc.2022.2.11
Wei, Y., Liu, F., Zhu, X., Liu, X., Li, H., Hou, L., Ma, X., Li, F., & Liu, H. (2025). Artesunate disrupts ribosome RNA biogenesis and inhibits ovarian cancer growth by targeting FANCA. Phytomedicine, 136, 156333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2024.156333
Wen, L., Chan, B. C.-L., Qiu, M.-H., Leung, P.-C., & Wong, C.-K. (2024). Artemisinin and Its Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents. Molecules, 29(16), 3886. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules29163886
Xia, T., Liu, S., Xu, G., Zhou, S., & Luo, Z. (2022). Dihydroartemisinin induces cell apoptosis through repression of UHRF1 in prostate cancer cells. Anti-Cancer Drugs, 33(1), e113–e124. https://doi.org/10.1097/CAD.0000000000001156
Xie, K., Li, Z., Zhang, Y., Wu, H., Zhang, T., & Wang, W. (2024). Artemisinin and its derivatives as promising therapies for autoimmune diseases. Heliyon, 10(7), e27972. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27972
Xu, D.-L., Fan, K., Zhang, H., Tang, L.-X., Wang, Y., Xiang, Z., Shi, A.-M., Qu, Y.-C., Su, C.-J., & Pan, J. (2022). Anti-proliferation and apoptosis-inducing effects of dihydroartemisinin on SH-SY5Y cells and metabolomic analysis. Translational Pediatrics, 11(8), 1346–1361. https://doi.org/10.21037/tp-22-331
Xu, F., Shan, X., Li, J., Li, J., Yuan, J., Zou, D., & Wang, M. (2025). The plant matrix of Artemisia annua L. for the treatment of malaria: Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies. PLOS One, 20(5), e0322835. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0322835
Yang, F., Zhang, J., Zhao, Z., Liu, Y., Zhao, Z., Fu, K., Li, B., & Jin, J. (2023). Artemisinin suppresses aerobic glycolysis in thyroid cancer cells by downregulating HIF-1a, which is increased by the XIST/miR-93/HIF-1a pathway. PLOS ONE, 18(4), e0284242. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284242
Yu, X., Wu, J., Fan, H., Dai, L., Xian, H., Chen, B., Liao, P., Huang, M., Pang, X., Zhang, M., Liang, X., & Tang, Y. (2024). Artemisinin suppressed tumour growth and induced vascular normalisation in oral squamous cell carcinoma via inhibition of macrophage migration inhibitory factor. Oral Diseases, 30(2), 363–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14418
Yuan-Ce, L., Qi, Z., Hong-Yang, Z., Yan-Wen, W., Yu-Mei, S., Bi-Juan, Y., & Jun-Lin, Y. (2023). Artesunate, as an Hsp90 inhibitor, inhibits the proliferation of Burkitt’s lymphoma cells by inhibiting AKT and ERK. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2023.1218467
Zhang, S., Mo, Z., Zhang, S., & Li, X. (2021). A Network Pharmacology Approach to Reveal the Underlying Mechanisms of Artemisia annua on the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8947304
Zhang, X., Li, N., Zhang, G., Li, J., Liu, Y., Wang, M., & Ren, X. (2023). Nano Strategies for Artemisinin Derivatives to Enhance Reverse Efficiency of Multidrug Resistance in Breast Cancer. Current Pharmaceutical Design, 29(43), 3458–3466. https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128282248231205105408
Zhou, J., Chen, Y., Zeng, X., Gong, F., & Zhang, X. (2025). Investigating Anticancer Properties of Artemisia annua in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells: Insights from Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, Dynamics Simulations, and Experimental Testing. Iranian Journal of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, 44(3), 666–686. https://doi.org/10.30492/ijcce.2025.2043089.6836
Zhou, Y., Li, X., Chen, K., Ba, Q., Zhang, X., Li, J., Wang, J., Wang, H., & Liu, H. (2021). Structural optimization and biological evaluation for novel artemisinin derivatives against liver and ovarian cancers. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 211, 113000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113000
Zhu, C., Yan, G., Hu, M., Tai, Z., Fan, B., Zhao, P., Miao, X., & Zhu, Q. (2023). Phytochemical profile and anti-inflammatory effect of Artemisia annua L. essential oil. All Life, 16(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2023.2288529
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
