Enhancing the Recovery of Phenolic and Antioxidant Compounds from Malva sylvestris via Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v14i5.1280-1288.8551Keywords:
Antioxidant activity, Malva sylvestris, Response surface methodology, Total phenolic content, Ultrasound-assisted extractionAbstract
Malva sylvestris is a medicinal herb recognized for its abundant antioxidants and phenolic compounds, which play a key role in its beneficial health effects. The study optimized the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolic compounds from Malva sylvestris leaves using response surface methodology (RSM). Extraction parameters including time (10–30 min), solvent-to-solid ratio (50–250 mL/g), and ethanol concentration (0–100%) were investigated. The highest total phenolic content (TPC: 260.404 ± 19.450 mg GAE/L) was obtained at 20 min, 250 mL/g, and 100% ethanol, while the highest antioxidant activity (AOA: 78.964 ± 0.564%) was achieved at 20 min, 50 mL/g, and 0% ethanol. The UAE process was optimized to maximize TPC and AOA under the following conditions: 100% ethanol, 250 mL/g solvent to solid ratio, 20 min extraction time, 50% ultrasonic power, and 45 °C. Under these conditions, the predicted TPC was 240.55 mg GAE/L, closely matching the experimental value of 242.47 ± 2.18 mg GAE/L (RMSE: 0.624). Similarly, the predicted AOA was 64.92%, while the experimental value was 63.66 ± 2.82% (RMSE: 0.771), confirming model accuracy.
References
Ahmed, T., Rana, M. R., Hossain, M. A., Ullah, S., & Suzauddula, M. (2024). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction using response surface methodology for total anthocyanin content, total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) calyces and comparison with conventional Soxhlet extraction. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 14(22), 28985–28999. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03881-y
Ahmed, T., Rana, M. R., Maisha, M. R., Sayem, A. S. M., Rahman, M., & Ara, R. (2022). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of phenolic content & antioxidant activity of hog plum (Spondias pinnata L. f. kurz) pulp by response surface methodology. Heliyon, 8(10), e11109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11109
Akbari, B., Baghaei‐Yazdi, N., Bahmaie, M., & Mahdavi Abhari, F. (2022). The role of plant‐derived natural antioxidants in reduction of oxidative stress. BioFactors, 48(3), 611-633. https://doi.org/10.1002/biof.183
Algan Cavuldak, Ö. (2021). Determination Of the Extraction Conditions of Phenolic Compounds from Arbutus Unedo L. Leaves. Gıda, 46(5), 1218–1232. https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD21065
Almusallam, I. A., Mohamed Ahmed, I. A., Babiker, E. E., Al Juhaimi, F. Y., Fadimu, G. J., Osman, M. A., Al Maiman, S. A., Ghafoor, K., & Alqah, H. A. S. (2021). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive properties from date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) spikelets using response surface methodology. LWT, 140, 110816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2020.110816
Ameer, K., Ameer, S., Kim, Y.-M., Nadeem, M., Park, M.-K., Murtaza, M. A., Khan, M. A., Nasir, M. A., Mueen-ud-Din, G., Mahmood, S., Kausar, T., & Abubakar, M. (2022). A Hybrid RSM-ANN-GA Approach on Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Conditions for Bioactive Component-Rich Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Leaves Extract. Foods, 11(6), 883. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060883
Amigo-Benavent, M., Clemente, A., Caira, S., Stiuso, P., Ferranti, P., & Del Castillo, M. D. (2014). Use of phytochemomics to evaluate the bioavailability and bioactivity of antioxidant peptides of soybean β-conglycinin. Electrophoresis, 35(11), 1582–1589. https://doi.org/10.1002/elps.201300527
Aware, C. B., Patil, R. R., Vyavahare, G. D., Gurme, S. T., & Jadhav, J. P. (2019). Ultrasound-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Phenolic, Flavonoid Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Mucuna macrocarpa Beans: Response Surface Methodology Optimization. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 38(4), 364–372. https://doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2018.1524315
Azahar, N. F., Gani, S. S. A., & Mohd Mokhtar, N. F. (2017). Optimization of phenolics and flavonoids extraction conditions of Curcuma Zedoaria leaves using response surface methodology. Chemistry Central Journal, 11(1), 96. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13065-017-0324-y
Azmir, J., Zaidul, I. S. M., Rahman, M. M., Sharif, K. M., Mohamed, A., Sahena, F., Jahurul, M. H. A., Ghafoor, K., Norulaini, N. A. N., & Omar, A. K. M. (2013). Techniques for extraction of bioactive compounds from plant materials: A review. Journal of Food Engineering, 117(4), 426–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2013.01.014
Batiha, G. E. S., Tene, S. T., Teibo, J. O., Shaheen, H. M., Oluwatoba, O. S., Teibo, T. K. A., ... & Papadakis, M. (2023). The phytochemical profiling, pharmacological activities, and safety of malva sylvestris: a review. Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s archives of pharmacology, 396(3), 421-440. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00210-022-02329-w
Benjamaa, R., Elbouny, H., Errati, H., Moujanni, A., Kaushik, N., Gupta, R., ... & Essamadi, A. (2024). Comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial potential of Euphorbia-derived functional products. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1345340. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2024.1345340
Bezerra, M. A., Santelli, R. E., Oliveira, E. P., Villar, L. S., & Escaleira, L. A. (2008). Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta, 76(5), 965-977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019
Bimakr, M., Ganjloo, A., Zarringhalami, S., & Ansarian, E. (2017). Ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from Malva sylvestris leaves and its comparison with agitated bed extraction technique. Food Science and Biotechnology, 26(6), 1481–1490. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-017-0229-5
Boateng, I. D., Kumar, R., Daubert, C. R., Flint-Garcia, S., Mustapha, A., Kuehnel, L., Agliata, J., Li, Q., Wan, C., & Somavat, P. (2023). Sonoprocessing improves phenolics profile, antioxidant capacity, structure, and product qualities of purple corn pericarp extract. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 95, 106418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106418
Brahmi, F., Mateos-Aparicio, I., Garcia-Alonso, A., Abaci, N., Saoudi, S., Smail-Benazzouz, L., Guemghar-Haddadi, H., Madani, K., & Boulekbache-Makhlouf, L. (2022). Optimization of Conventional Extraction Parameters for Recovering Phenolic Compounds from Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Peels and Their Application as an Antioxidant in Yogurt Formulation. Antioxidants, 11(7), 1401. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071401
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 28(1), 25–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0023-6438(95)80008-5
Carpentieri, S., Soltanipour, F., Ferrari, G., Pataro, G., & Donsì, F. (2021). Emerging green techniques for the extraction of antioxidants from agri-food by-products as promising ingredients for the food industry. Antioxidants, 10(9), 1417.https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091417
Hou, W., Zhang, W., Chen, G., & Luo, Y. (2016). Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Maximal Phenolic, Flavonoid and Antioxidant Activity from Melaleuca bracteata Leaves Using the Response Surface Methodology. PLOS ONE, 11(9), e0162139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0162139
Hossain, M. A., Disha, N. K., Shourove, J. H., & Dey, P. (2020). Determination of antioxidant activity and total tannin from drumstick (Moringa oleifera lam.) leaves using different solvent extraction methods. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 8(12), 2749-2755. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v8i12.2749-2755.4038
Hussain, A., Kausar, T., Sarwar, A., Sarwar, S., Kauser, S., Chaudhry, F., ... & Quddoos, M. Y. (2022). Evaluation of total antioxidant and oxidant status, oxidative stress index and dpph free radical scavenging activities of pumpkin (cucurbita maxima) seeds ethanolic extracts. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 10, 2946-2950. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v10isp2.2946-2950.5630
Irfan, A., Imran, M., Khalid, M., Sami Ullah, M., Khalid, N., Assiri, M. A., Thomas, R., Muthu, S., Raza Basra, M. A., Hussein, M., Al-Sehemi, A. G., & Shahzad, M. (2021). Phenolic and flavonoid contents in Malva sylvestris and exploration of active drugs as antioxidant and anti-COVID19 by quantum chemical and molecular docking studies. Journal of Saudi Chemical Society, 25(8), 101277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jscs.2021.101277
Kim, H. J., & Yoon, K. Y. (2023). Optimization of ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction of bioactive compounds from pomegranate peel using response surface methodology. Food Science and Biotechnology, 32(13), 1851–1860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-023-01298-x
Maille, M. J., Sala, K., Scott, D. M., & Zukswert, H. (2021). Critical examination of particle swelling during wetting of ground coffee. Journal of Food Engineering, 295, 110420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2020.110420
Mohajer, S., Taha, R. M., Ramli, R. Bin, & Mohajer, M. (2016). Phytochemical constituents and radical scavenging properties of Borago officinalis and Malva sylvestris. Industrial Crops and Products, 94, 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2016.09.045
Mohammed, C. B., Chahid, B., Fatima, B., Fatima-Zohra, S., Meriem, B., & Farid, C. (2014). Antioxidant activity, phenolic and flavonoid content in leaves, flowers, stems and seeds of mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) from North Western of Algeria. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(3), 486–491. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB2013.12833
Mojarradi, F., Bimakr, M., & Ganjloo, A. (2024). Effect of bio-edible coating based on Lallemantia iberica seed mucilage incorporated with Malva sylvestris leaf bioactive compounds on oxidative stability of turkey meat. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 18(1), 402–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-02160-8
Mousavi, S. M., Hashemi, S. A., Behbudi, G., Mazraedoost, S., Omidifar, N., Gholami, A., Chiang, W.-H., Babapoor, A., & Pynadathu Rumjit, N. (2021). A Review on Health Benefits of Malva sylvestris L. Nutritional Compounds for Metabolites, Antioxidants, and Anti-Inflammatory, Anticancer, and Antimicrobial Applications. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2021, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5548404
Paleologou, I., Vasiliou, A., Grigorakis, S., & Makris, D. P. (2016). Optimisation of a green ultrasound-assisted extraction process for potato peel (Solanum tuberosum) polyphenols using bio-solvents and response surface methodology. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 6(3), 289–299. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-015-0181-7
Pandey, A., Belwal, T., Sekar, K. C., Bhatt, I. D., & Rawal, R. S. (2018). Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) of phenolics and antioxidant compounds from rhizomes of Rheum moorcroftianum using response surface methodology (RSM). Industrial Crops and Products, 119, 218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2018.04.019
Pinelo, M., Rubilar, M., Jerez, M., Sineiro, J., & Núñez, M. J. (2005). Effect of Solvent, Temperature, and Solvent-to-Solid Ratio on the Total Phenolic Content and Antiradical Activity of Extracts from Different Components of Grape Pomace. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 53(6), 2111–2117. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0488110
Rojas-Ocampo, E., Torrejón-Valqui, L., Muñóz-Astecker, L. D., Medina-Mendoza, M., Mori-Mestanza, D., & Castro-Alayo, E. M. (2021). Antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content and phenolic compounds of pulp and bagasse of four Peruvian berries. Heliyon, 7(8), e07787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07787
Shadid, K. A., Shakya, A. K., Naik, R. R., Jaradat, N., Farah, H. S., Shalan, N., Khalaf, N. A., & Oriquat, G. A. (2021). Phenolic Content and Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Malva sylvestris L., Malva oxyloba Boiss., Malva parviflora L., and Malva aegyptia L. Leaves Extract. Journal of Chemistry, 2021, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8867400
Shen, L., Pang, S., Zhong, M., Sun, Y., Qayum, A., Liu, Y., ... & Ren, X. (2023). A comprehensive review of ultrasonic assisted extraction (UAE) for bioactive components: Principles, advantages, equipment, and combined technologies. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 101, 106646. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106646
Shi, L., Zhao, W., Yang, Z., Subbiah, V., & Suleria, H. A. R. (2022). Extraction and characterization of phenolic compounds and their potential antioxidant activities. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(54), 81112-81129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23337-6
Syahir, A., Sulaiman, S., Mel, M., Othman, M., & Sulaiman, S. Z. (2020, April). An Overview: Analysis of ultrasonic-assisted extraction’s parameters and its process. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 778, No. 1, p. 012165). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/778/1/012165
Tabaraki, R., Gharneh, H. A. A., & Yosefi, Z. (2012). Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of Malva sylvestris L. Journal of Research in Agricultural Science, 8(1), 59–68.
Tan, S., Stathopoulos, C., Parks, S., & Roach, P. (2014). An Optimised Aqueous Extract of Phenolic Compounds from Bitter Melon with High Antioxidant Capacity. Antioxidants, 3(4), 814–829. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox3040814
Tran, C. H., Nghiem, M. T., Dinh, A. M. T., Dang, T. T. N., Van Do, T. T., Chu, T. N., Mai, T. H., & Phan, V. M. (2023). Optimization Conditions of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity from Rubus alceifolius Poir Leaves. International Journal of Food Science, 2023, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/7576179
Uca, E., & Güleç, H. A. (2024). Process Optimization for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Pomegranate Peels: Response Surface Methodology-Desirability Function and Artificial Neural Network-Genetic Algorithm. Akademik Gıda, 22(1), 23–33. https://doi.org/10.24323/akademik-gida.1460968
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (n.d.). Green Chemistry. https://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry. (Accessed Date: 28.10.25).
Vilkhu, K., Mawson, R., Simons, L., & Bates, D. (2008). Applications and opportunities for ultrasound assisted extraction in the food industry - A review. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies, 9(2), 161–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2007.04.014
Wang, L., & Weller, C. L. (2006). Recent advances in extraction of nutraceuticals from plants. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 17(6), 300-312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2005.12.004
Waszkowiak, K., & Gliszczyńska-Świgło, A. (2016). Binary ethanol–water solvents affect phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of flaxseed extracts. European Food Research and Technology, 242(5), 777–786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-015-2585-9
Yusof, N., Abdul Munaim, M. S., & Kutty, R. V. (2020). The effects of different ethanol concentration on total phenolic and total flavonoid content in malaysian propolis. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 991(1), 012033. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/991/1/012033
Żbik, K., Onopiuk, A., Szpicer, A., & Kurek, M. (2023). Comparison of the effects of extraction method and solvents on biological activities of phytochemicals from selected violet and blue pigmented flowers. Journal of Food Measurement and Characterization, 17(6), 6600–6608. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11694-023-02158-2
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
