Evolution and Transformation of Ethiopian Agriculture: A Review of Historical Trends, Contemporary Challenges, and Future Opportunities
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13is3.3995-4011.8100Keywords:
Ethiopian agriculture, food security, climate change, future opportunities, historical trends, sustainable development, agricultural transformation.Abstract
Ethiopia’s agricultural sector, the cornerstone of its economy, sustains 85% of the population and contributes significantly to GDP. Yet, persistent challenges hinder its potential, which makes the country ranked 101st on the 2023 Global Hunger Index. This comprehensive review synthesizes literature to analyze the sector's historical trajectories, contemporary constraints, and future opportunities. Historically, Ethiopian agriculture has been shaped by policy shifts, from indigenous domestication to state-controlled farms, creating a legacy of fragmented landholdings and institutional skepticism. Presently, the sector is threatened by climate change, land degradation, and limited market access, which are exacerbated by high postharvest losses. However, emerging opportunities such as climate-smart agriculture (e.g., drought-resistant crops, conservation tillage), digital innovations (e.g., mobile-based advisories), and large-scale initiatives like the Green Legacy Initiative (increasing forest cover from 17.2% to 23.6% since 2019) offer transformative potential. Key policy recommendations include strengthening research-extension systems, promoting private-sector investment, and scaling sustainable land management. Our synthesis reveals a critical gap in the financial and institutional mechanisms required to scale these technologies for smallholders. We conclude that a synergistic policy approach, integrating context-specific technology with secure land rights and robust extension services, is paramount for achieving a resilient and productive agricultural transformation in Ethiopia.
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