Glucosinolate Metabolism and Its Chemopreventive Effects
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v13is2.3483-3493.7987Keywords:
Glucosinolate, Synthesis, Metabolism, Cancer, HealthAbstract
There are a significant number of studies that show that consuming fruits and vegetables rich in phytochemicals significantly reduces the risk of a range of chronic diseases. The beneficial effects of cruciferous vegetables, including broccoli, arugula, cauliflower, cabbage, and radishes, are predominantly ascribed to their glucosinolate (GLS) content. The cruciferous family includes two important edible genera: Brassica and Raphanus sativus (daikon radish). Today, more than 130 types of GLS have been identified, and the fact that GLS-containing plants exhibit significant nutraceutical properties has increased the importance of these plants as important functional foods worldwide. Due to these beneficial qualities, Brassica vegetables are cultivated in nearly 150 countries and rank among the top 10 financially valuable crops globally. This review briefly summarizes the synthesis, metabolism, and anticancer effects of glucosinolates, which have been shown to contribute positively to human health.
References
Abbaoui, B., Lucas, C.R., Riedl, K.M., Clinton, S.K., & Mortazavi, A. (2018). Cruciferous vegetables, isothiocyanates, and bladder cancer prevention. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 62, e1800079. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201800079
Almushayti, A.Y., Brandt, K., Carroll, M.A., & Scotter, M.J. (2021). Current analytical methods for determination of glucosinolates in vegetables and human tissues. Journal of Chromatography A, 1643, 462060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462060
Arcidiacono, P., Ragonese, F., Stabile, A., Pistilli, A., Kuligina, E., Rende, M., Bottoni, U., Calvieri, S., Crisanti, A., & Spaccapelo, R. (2018). Antitumor activity and expression profiles of genes induced by sulforaphane in human melanoma cells. European Journal of Nutrition, 57, 2547-2569. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1527-7
Arora, R. (2024). Glucosinolates and their hydrolytic products—a love story of environmental, biological, and chemical conditions. Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, 107(5), 867-875. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsae049
Barba, F.J., Nikmaram, N., Roohinejad, S., Khelfa, A., Zhu, Z., & Koubaa, M. (2016). Bioavailability of glucosinolates and their breakdown products: Impact of processing. Frontiers in Nutrition, 3, 24. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2016.00024
Bauman, J.E., Zang, Y., Sen, M., Li, C., Wang, L., Egner, P.A., Fahey, J.W., Normolle, D.P., Grandis, J.R., Kensler, T.W., & Johnson, D.E. (2016). Prevention of carcinogen-induced oral cancer by sulforaphane. Cancer Prevention Research (Philadelphia, Pa.), 9(7), 547-557. https://doi.org/10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-15-0290
Ben Ammar, H., Arena, D., Treccarichi, S., Di Bella, M.C., Marghali, S., Ficcadenti, N., Lo Scalzo, R., & Branca, F. (2023). The effect of water stress on the glucosinolate content and profile: A comparative study on roots and leaves of Brassica oleracea L. crops. Agronomy, 13(2), 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13020579
Chen, X., Jiang, Z., Zhou, C., Chen, K., Li, X., Wang, Z., Wu, Z., Ma, J., Ma, Q., & Duan, W. (2018). Activation of Nrf2 by sulforaphane inhibits high glucose-induced progression of pancreatic cancer via AMPK dependent signaling. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 50, 1201-1215. https://doi.org/10.1159/000494547
Cheng, Y.M., Tsai, C.C., & Hsu, Y.C. (2016). Sulforaphane, a dietary isothiocyanate, induces G(2)/M arrest in cervical cancer cells through CyclinB1 downregulation and GADD45beta/CDC2 association. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 17, 1530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17091530
Chhajed, S., Mostafa, I., He, Y., Abou-Hashem, M., El-Domiaty, M., & Chen, S. (2020). Glucosinolate biosynthesis and the glucosinolate–myrosinase system in plant defense. Agronomy, 10(1786), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10111786
Choi, Y.H. (2018). ROS-mediated activation of AMPK plays a critical role in sulforaphane-induced apoptosis and mitotic arrest in AGS human gastric cancer cells. General Physiology and Biophysics, 37, 129-140. https://doi.org/10.4149/gpb_2017026
Cvetković, S., Vuletić, S., Vunduk, J., Klaus, A., Mitić-Ćulafić, D., & Nikolić, B. (2023). The role of Gentiana lutea extracts in reducing UV-induced DNA damage. Mutagenesis, 38(1), 71-80. https://doi.org/10.1093/mutage/geac006
Dogan Sigva, Z.O., Balci Okcanoglu, T., Biray Avci, C., Yilmaz Susluer, S., Kayabasi, C., Turna, B., Dodurga, Y., Nazli, O., & Gunduz, C. (2019). Investigation of the synergistic effects of paclitaxel and herbal substances and endemic plant extracts on cell cycle and apoptosis signal pathways in prostate cancer cell lines. Gene, 687, 261-271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.049
Dokumacioglu, E., Iskender, H., Aktas, M.S., Hanedan, B., Dokumacioglu, A., Sen, T.M., Musmul, A. (2017). The effect of sulforaphane on oxidative stress and inflammation in rats with toxic hepatitis induced by acetaminophene. Bratislavske Lekarske Listy, 118, 453-459. https://doi.org/10.4149/BLL_2017_088
Ehlers, A., Florian, S., Schumacher, F., Meinl, W., Lenze, D., Hummel, M., Heise, T., Seidel, A., Glatt, H., & Lampen, A. (2015). The glucosinolate metabolite 1-methoxy-3-indolylmethyl alcohol induces a gene expression profile in mouse liver similar to the expression signature caused by known genotoxic hepatocarcinogens. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 59(4), 685-697. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201400707
Eren, E., Tufekci, K.U., Isci, K.B., Tastan, B., Genc, K., & Genc, S. (2018). Sulforaphane inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and miR-155 expressionand switches to mox phenotype through activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element pathway in murine microglial cells. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 36. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00036
Ezzat, S.M., Merghany, R.M., Abdel Baki, P.M., Abdelrahim, N.A., Osman, S.M., Salem, M.A., Peña-Corona, S.I., Cortés, H., Kiyekbayeva, L., Leyva-Gómez, G., Sharifi-Rad, J., & Calina, D. (2024). Nutritional sources and anticancer potential of phenethylisothiocyanate: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic insights. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 68, 2400063. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.202400063
Frandsen, H.B., Sorensen, J.C., Jensen, S.K., Markedal, K.E., Joehnke, M.S., Maribo, H., Sorensen, S., & Sorensen, H. (2019). Non-enzymatic transformations of dietary 2-hydroxyalkenyl and aromatic glucosinolates in the stomach of monogastrics. Food Chemistry, 291, 77-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.03.136
Gao, J., Xiong, B., Zhang, B., Li, S., Huang, N., Zhan, G., Jiang, R., Yang, L., Wu, Y., Miao, L., Zhu, B., Yang, C., & Luo, A. (2018). Sulforaphane alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced spatial learning and memory dysfunction in mice: The role of BDNF-mTOR signaling pathway. Neuroscience, 388, 357-366. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.07.052
Gebremichael, G., Demena, M., Egata, G., & Gebremichael, B. (2020). Prevalence of goiter and associated factors among adolescents in Gazgibla district, Northeast Ethiopia. Global Advances in Health and Medicine, 9, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2164956120923624
Gibbs, A., Schwartzman, J., Deng, V., & Alumkal, J. (2009). Sulforaphane destabilizes the androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells by inactivating histone deacetylase 6. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 106, 16663-16668. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0908908106
Haider, R., & Mehdi, A. (2023). Cruciferous vegetables and cancer prevention. Journal of Biomedical and Engineering Research, 1(1), 1-17.
Hanschen, F.S., Lamy, E., Schreiner, M., & Rohn, S. (2014). Reactivity and stability of glucosinolates and their breakdown products in foods. Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 53, 11430-11450. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201402639
Hill, C.R., Shafaei, A., Balmer, L., Lewis, J.R., Hodgson, J.M., Millar, A.H., & Blekkenhorst, L.C. (2023). Sulfur compounds: From plants to humans and their role in chronic disease prevention. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 63(27), 8616-8638. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2057915
Hirose, M., Yamaguchi, T., Kimoto, N., Ogawa, K., Futakuchi, M., Sano, M., & Shirai, T. (1998). Strong promoting activity of phenylethyl isothiocyanate and benzyl isothiocyanate on urinary bladder carcinogenesis in F344 male rats. International Journal of Cancer, 77(5), 773-777. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980831)77:5<773::aid-ijc17>3.0.co;2-2
Hoch, C.C., Shoykhet, M., Weiser, T., Griesbaum, L., Petry, J., Hachani, K., Multhoff, G., Bashiri Dezfouli, A., & Wollenberg, B. (2024). Isothiocyanates in medicine: A comprehensive review on phenylethyl-, allyl-, and benzyl-isothiocyanates. Pharmacological Research, 201, 107107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2024.107107
Hoffmann, H., Andernach, L., Kanzler, C., & Hanschen, F.S. (2022). Novel transformation products from glucosinolate-derived thioglucose and isothiocyanates formed during cooking. Food Research International, 157, 111237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111237
Jaafaru, M.S., Abd Karim, N.A., Enas, M.E., Rollin, P., Mazzon, E., & Abdull Razis, A.F. (2018). Protective effect of glucosinolates hydrolytic products in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Nutrients, 10, 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10050580
Janczewski, Ł. (2022). Sulforaphane and its bifunctional analogs: Synthesis and biological activity. Molecules, 27(5), 1750. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27051750
Kadir, N.H.A., Rahaman, M.H.A., Shahinuzzaman, M., Yaakob, Z., & Alam, M. (2023). Benzylisothiocyanate (BITC) instigated selective cytotoxicity effects on breast cancer cell line, MCF-7 cells and human normal fibroblast cells, CRL-2522 and its bioavailability in miswak (Salvadora persica L.): In vitro and in silico perspective. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 13(6), 568. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC136.568
Kann, S.F., Wang, J., & Sun, G.X. (2018). Sulforaphane regulates apoptosis and proliferationrelated signaling pathways and synergizes with cisplatin to suppress human ovarian cancer. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 42, 2447-2458. https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2018.3860
Kennelley, G.E., Amaye-Obu, T., Foster, B.A., Tang, L., Paragh, G., & Huss, W.J. (2023). Mechanistic review of sulforaphane as a chemoprotective agent in bladder cancer. American Journal of Clinical and Experimental Urology, 11(2), 103-120.
Khan, A., Zhang, Y., Ma, N., Shi, J., & Hou, Y. (2024). NF-κB role on tumor proliferation, migration, invasion and immune escape. Cancer Gene Therapy, 31, 1599-1610. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41417-024-00811-6
Kim, B.G., Fujita, T., Stankovic, K.M., Welling, D.B., Moon, I.S., Choi, J.Y., Yun, J., Kang, J.S., & Lee, J.D. (2016). Sulforaphane, a natural component of broccoli, inhibits vestibular schwannoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Scientific Reports, 6, 36215. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep36215
Kim, D.J., Han, B.S., Ahn, B., Hasegawa, R., Shirai, T., Ito, N., & Tsuda, H. (1997). Enhancement by indole-3-carbinol of liver and thyroid gland neoplastic development in a rat medium-term multiorgan carcinogenesis model. Carcinogenesis, 18(2), 377-381. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/18.2.377
Kntayya, S.B., Ibrahim, M.D., Mohd Ain, N., Iori, R., Ioannides, C., & Abdull Razis, A.F. (2018). Induction of Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity by Isothiocyanate Sulforaphene in Human Hepatocarcinoma HepG2 Cells. Nutrients, 10, 718. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10060718
Koolivand, M., Ansari, M., Piroozian, F., Moein, S., & MalekZadeh, K. (2018). Alleviating the progression of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) by sulforaphane through controlling miR-155 levels. Molecular Biology Reports, 45, 2491-2499. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-018-4416-0
Kumar, R., de Mooij, T., Peterson, T.E., Kaptzan, T., Johnson, A.J., Daniels, D.J., & Parney, I.F. (2017). Modulating glioma-mediated myeloid-derived suppressor cell development with sulforaphane. PLoS ONE, 12, e0179012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0179012
La Marca, M., Beffy, P., Della Croce, C., Gervasi, P., Iori, R., Puccinelli, E., & Longo, V. (2012). Structural influence of isothiocyanates on expression of cytochrome P450, phase II enzymes, and activation of Nrf2 in primary rat hepatocytes. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50, 2822-2830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.05.044
Lan, A., Li, W., Liu, Y., Xiong, Z., Zhang, X., Zhou, S., Palko, O., Chen, H., Kapita, M., Prigge, J.R., Schmidt, E.E., Chen, X., Sun, Z., & Chen, X.L. (2016). Chemoprevention of oxidative stress-associated oral carcinogenesis by sulforaphane depends on NRF2 and the isothiocyanate moiety. Oncotarget, 7(33), 53502-53514. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.10609
Larsen, D., Singh, S., & Brito, M. (2022). Thyroid, diet, and alternative approaches. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 107(11), 2973-2981. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgac473
Li, C.C., Liu, K.L., Lii, C.K., Yan, W.Y., Lo, C.W., Chen, C.C., Yang, Y.C., & Chen, H.W. (2024). Benzyl isothiocyanate inhibits TNFα-driven lipolysis via suppression of the ERK/PKA/HSL signaling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Nutrition Research (New York, N.Y.), 121, 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2023.11.007
Li, J., Wang, X., Zhang, H., Hu, X., Peng, X., Jiang, W., Zhuo, L., Peng, Y., Zeng, G., & Wang, Z. (2024). Fenamates: Forgotten treasure for cancer treatment and prevention: Mechanisms of action, structural modification, and bright future. Medicinal Research Reviews, 45(1), 164-213.https://doi.org/10.1002/med.22079
Li, X., Zhao, Z., Li, M., Liu, M., Bahena, A., Zhang, Y., Nambiar, C., & Liu, G. (2018). Sulforaphane promotes apoptosis, and inhibits proliferation and self-renewal of nasopharyngeal cancer cells by targeting STAT signal through miRNA-124-3p. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy, 103, 473-481. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.121
Liu, K.C., Shih, T.Y., Kuo, C.L., Ma, Y.S., Yang, J.L., Wu, P.P., Huang, Y.P., Lai, K.C., & Chung, J.G. (2016). Sulforaphane induces cell death through G2/M phase arrest and triggers apoptosis in HCT 116 human colon cancer cells. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 44, 1289-1310. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X16500725
Lubecka, K., Kaufman-Szymczyk, A., & Fabianowska-Majewska, K. (2018). Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by the combination of clofarabine and sulforaphane involves epigenetically mediated CDKN2A upregulation. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids, 37, 280-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/15257770.2018.1453075
Lubelska, K., Wiktorska, K., Mielczarek, L., Milczarek, M., Zbroinska-Bregisz, I., & Chilmonczyk, Z. (2016). Sulforaphane regulates NFE2L2/Nrf2-dependent xenobiotic metabolism phase II and phase III enzymes differently in human colorectal cancer and untransformed epithelial colon cells. Nutrition and Cancer, 68, 1338-1348. https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2016.1224369
Lucarini, E., Micheli, L., Trallori, E., Citi, V., Martelli, A., Testai, L., De Nicola, G.R., Iori, R., Calderone, V., Ghelardini, C., & Cesare Mannelli, L.D. (2018). Effect of glucoraphanin and sulforaphane against chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain: Kv7 potassium channels modulation by H2S release in vivo. Phytotherapy Research: PTR, 32, 2226-2234. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6159
Miao, X., Bai, Y., Sun, W., Cui, W., Xin, Y., Wang, Y., Tan, Y., Miao, L., Fu, Y., Su, G., & Cai, L. (2012). Sulforaphane prevention of diabetes-induced aortic damage was associated with the up-regulation of Nrf2 and its down-stream antioxidants. Nutrition & Metabolism, 9(1), 84. https://doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-9-84
Moustafa, P.E., Abdelkader, N.F., El Awdan, S.A., El-Shabrawy, O.A., & Zaki, H.F. (2018). Extracellular matrix remodeling and modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress by sulforaphane in experimental diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Inflammation, 41, 1460-1476. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-018-0792-9
Nazmy, E.A., El-Khouly, O.A., Atef, H., Said, E. (2017). Sulforaphane protects against sodium valproate-induced acute liver injury. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 95, 420-426. https://doi.org/10.1139/cjpp-2016-0447
Orouji, N., Asl, S.K., Taghipour, Z., Habtemariam, S., Nabavi, S.M., & Rahimi, R. (2023). Glucosinolates in cancer prevention and treatment: experimental and clinical evidence. Medical Oncology, 40, 344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-023-02211-6
Pacheco-Sangerman, F., Gómez-Merino, F.C., PeraltaSánchez, M.G., Alcántar-González, G., & Trejo-Téllez, L.I. (2023). Glucosinolates: Structure, classification, biosynthesis and functions in higher plants. Agro Productividad, 16(4), 107-114. https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v16i3.2567
Sadowska-Rociek, A., Doniec, J., Kusznierewicz, B., Dera, T., Filipiak-Florkiewicz, A., & Florkiewicz, A. (2024). The influence of different hydrothermal processes used in the preparation of Brussels sprouts on the availability of glucosinolates to humans. Foods, 13(18), 2988. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods13182988
Saha, K., Fisher, M.L., Adhikary, G., Grun, D., & Eckert, R.L. (2017). Sulforaphane suppresses PRMT5/MEP50 function in epidermal squamous cell carcinoma leading to reduced tumor formation. Carcinogenesis, 38, 827-836. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgx044
Sailo, B.L., Liu, L., Chauhan, S., Girisa, S., Hegde, M., Liang, L., Alqahtani, M.S., Abbas, M., Sethi, G., & Kunnumakkara, A.B. (2024). Harnessing sulforaphane potential as a chemosensitizing agent: A comprehensive review. Cancers, 16(2), 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers16020244
Santhanam, M., Kumar Pandey, S., Shteinfer-Kuzmine, A., Paul, A., Abusiam, N., Zalk, R., & Shoshan-Barmatz, V. (2024). Interaction of SMAC with a survivin-derived peptide alters essential cancer hallmarks: Tumor growth, inflammation, and immunosuppression. Molecular therapy: The Journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy, 32(6), 1934-1955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.007
Sarkarai Nadar, V., Yoshinaga-Sakurai, K., & Rosen, B.P. (2024). Anticancer effects of the trivalent organoarsenical 2-amino-4-(dihydroxyarsinoyl) butanoate. Organometallics, 43(10), 1137-1142. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.organomet.4c00082
Shakour, Z.T., Shehab, N.G., Gomaa, A.S., Wessjohann, L.A., & Farag, M.A. (2022). Metabolic and biotransformation effects on dietary glucosinolates, their bioavailability, catabolism and biological effects in different organisms. Biotechnology Advances, 54, 107784. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107784
Singh, A.P., Majhi, T., Das, D., & Dewanjee, S. (2024). Phenotypic characterization of Indian mustard using agronomic and quality traits under semi-arid climate. The Annals of Applied Biology, 184(3), 365-373. https://doi.org/10.1111/aab.12883
Sofi, F.A., & Tabassum, N. (2022). Natural product inspired leads in the discovery of anticancer agents: an update. Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, 41(17), 8605–8628. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2022.2134212
Sohel, M.M.H., Amin, A., Prastowo, S., Linares-Otoya, L., Hoelker, M., Schellander, K., & Tesfaye, D. (2018). Correction to: Sulforaphane protects granulosa cells against oxidative stress via activation of NRF2-ARE pathway. Cell and Tissue Research, 374, 679-685. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00441-018-2877-z
Strusi, G., Suelzu, C.M., Weldon, S., Giffin, J., Münsterberg, A.E., & Bao, Y. (2023). Combination of phenethyl isothiocyanate and dasatinib inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma metastatic potential through FAK/STAT3/Cadherin signalling and reduction of VEGF secretion. Pharmaceutics, 15(10), 2390. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15102390
Tao, S., Rojo de la Vega, M., Chapman, E., Ooi, A., & Zhang, D.D. (2018). The effects of NRF2 modulation on the initiation and progression of chemically and genetically induced lung cancer. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 57, 182-192. https://doi.org/10.1002/mc.22745
Tsai, J.Y., Tsai, S.H., & Wu, C.C. (2019). The chemopreventive isothiocyanate sulforaphane reduces anoikis resistance and anchorage-independent growth in non-small cell human lung cancer cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 362, 116-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2018.10.020
Tsou, M.F., Tien, N., Lu, C.C., Chiang, J.H., Yang, J.S., Lin, J.P., Fan, M.J., Lu, J.J., Yeh, S.P., & Chung, J.G. (2013). Phenethyl isothiocyanate promotes immune responses in normal BALB/c mice, inhibits murine leukemia WEHI-3 cells, and stimulates immunomodulations in vivo. Environ. Toxicology, 28, 127–136. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20705
Wu, J., Cui, S., Liu, J., Tang, X., Zhao, J., Zhang, H., Mao, B., & Chen, W. (2022). The recent advances of glucosinolates and their metabolites: metabolism, physiological functions and potential application strategies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2059441
Xie, H., Rutz, J., Maxeiner, S., Grein, T., Thomas, A., Juengel, E., Chun, F.K., Cinatl, J., Haferkamp, A., Tsaur, I., & Blaheta, R.A. (2024). Sulforaphane inhibits adhesion and migration of cisplatin- and gemcitabine-resistant bladder cancer cells in vitro. Nutrients, 16(5), 623. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16050623
Zhou, Y., Yang, G., Tia, H., Hu, Y., Wu, S., Geng, Y., Lin, K., & Wu, W. (2018). Sulforaphane metabolites cause apoptosis via microtubule disruption in cancer. Endocrine-Related Cancer, 25, 255-268. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-17-0483
Zhu, B., Liang, Z., Zang, Y., Zhu, Z., & Yang, J. (2023). Diversity of glucosinolates among common Brassicaceae vegetables in China. Horticultural Plant Journal, 9(3), 365-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2022.08.006
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
