The Impact of Food Safety Criteria on Fruit and Vegetable Exports from Türkiye to The European Union
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v12i4.644-656.6658Keywords:
EEuropean Union Food Safety, Food Safety, European Union RASFF System, Fresh Fruit and Vegetable , TradeAbstract
Food safety has become an increasingly important issue as people become more concerned about access to healthy food. Particularly in affluent societies such as the European Union, the increasing consumption of unhealthy fruits and vegetables and carcinogenic residues are constantly on the agenda. Reducing aflatoxin levels in dried foods to below health risk levels, eliminating them from food and ensuring access to healthy food are essential for food safety and human health. In this study, the impact of food safety practices in fruit and vegetable trade between the European Union and Türkiye was examined using mandarins, one of Türkiye’s main fresh fruit and vegetable exports, and the European Union Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) notifications for food and feed for the period between 2019 and 2022. The reasons for these notifications and the requests made in this context were examined and a TOWS analysis matrix was created based on the findings obtained. In conclusion, residue and aflatoxin inspections should be included in traceability activities in Türkiye. Producers need to be informed to ensure the effectiveness of inspections. It is crucial to provide adequate support to producers to improve storage conditions for perishable and dry products and to encourage the use of the latest production techniques. It is of great importance to raise awareness of these techniques among producers. Thus, the European Union can be an alternative market to the Russian Federation, which is Türkiye’s largest trading partner.
References
Akbudak, N., Şen, Ö. (2021). GLOBALGAP in the COVID-19 Epidemic Process. Turkish Journal of Agriculture Research. 8(2) , 248-255. DOI: 10.19159/tutad.873078
Akman, M. S., Yaman, Ş. (2008). The WTO, Doha Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations and Türkiye). TEPAV Publication, Ankara. S. 355-418.
Anonymous 1., GLOBALGAP. Retrieved: 30.12.2022, from: https://www.globalgap.org/about/
Anonymous 10., Turkey, The World’s Dried Fruit Supplier. Retrieved: 03.06.2023, from: https://www.agroworlddergisi.com/dunyanin-kuru-meyve-tedarikcisi-turkiye/
Anonymous 11., Turkish Food Safety Association RASFF Notifications. Retrieved: 20.05.2023, from: https://ggd.org.tr/rasff-duyurulari/#top
Anonymous 2., Regulation (EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 January 2002 laying down the general principles and requirements of food law, establishing the European Food Safety Authority and laying down procedures in matters of food safety. Retrieved: 30.12.2023, from: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=celex%3A32002R0178
Anonymous 3., Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF). Retrieved: 30.12.2023, from: https://food.ec.europa.eu/safety/rasff_en
Anonymous 4., European Union Permitted Residue (MRLs) Amounts. Retrieved: 30.12.2023, from: https://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/pesticides/eu-pesticides-database/start/screen/mrls
Anonymous 5., Model Certificate Issuance Procedure For Fresh Fruit And Vegetable Exports To European Union Countries. Retrieved: 30.12.2023, from: https://dkib.org.tr/files/downloads/ABMEYSEBMODSERTDUZPROSED%C4%B0RLER%C4%B0.pdf
Anonymous 6., Fresh fruit and vegetable exports to the Russian Federation. Retrieved: 30.12.2023, from https://abmevzuat.com/rusya-federasyonuna-taze-meyve-ve-sebze-ihracatimiz/
Anonymous 7., Guidelines for Exporter Companies to Request Certificates for Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Exports to the Russian Federation. Retrieved: 30.12.2023, from: https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/GKGM/Belgeler/DB_Bitki_Sinir/Ihracatci_Firma_Kilavuzlari/RF_Taze_meyve_sebze_ihracati_kilavuz.pdf
Anonymous 8., Food Standards Agency, Foodstuffs with current European Union (EU) restrictions. Retrieved: 30.12.2023, from: https://www.food.gov.uk/business-guidance/foodstuffs-with-current-european-union-eu-restrictions#Türkiye-tr
Anonymous 9., Law No. 5996 on Veterinary Services, Plant Health, Food and Feed. Retrieved: 30.12.2023, from: https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/mevzuatmetin/1.5.5996.pdf
Atlı, H. F., Söyler O. (2018). Citrus Production and Evaluation of Export in The World and Turkey, The Journal of Academic Social Sciences 79(79):357-366. DOI: 10.16992/ASOS.14174
Bayraktar, Ö. V., Saner, G. (2016). Information Requirements and Opinions of Cheery Growers Applying to GlobalGAP and Non- GlobalGAP in Kemalpasa District of Izmir. Turkish Journal Agriculture and Economics. 22(1), 41-47.
Boyacıoğlu D. (1998). Food Safety and HACCP System. Journal of Food, 3:1, 79
Can, B., & Sulusoglu D. M., (2019, April 26 – 28). A Foreign Market Research on Mandarin Production and Marketing In Turkey. [Conference Paper], IMASCON 2019. Kocaeli, Turkey.
Caswell, J.A., Noelke, C.M., Mojduszka, E.M. (2002). Unifying Two Frameworks for Analysing Quality and Quality Assurance for Food Products, Food Trade and Consumer Demand For Quality, Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, Pp.43-61.
Cebeci, Z., (2006). Information Technologies in Food Traceability. National Agriculture Congress, 15(17), 189-195.
Çebi, S. Y., & Olhan, E. (2017). The Evaluation of the Impacts of the European Union’s Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed on the Food Export of Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics, 23(1), 133-144. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24181/tarekoder.325641
Çetin, A., (2014). The usage of information technologies in food traceability: An application on olive and fig enterprizes in the province of Aydın. [Master’s Thesis. Adnan Menderes University. Social Science Institute]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
CFS., (2009). Commitee on World Food Security, Reform of The Committee on World Food Security- Final Version, P.12. https://www.fao.org/3/k7197e/k7197e.pdf
Chang, H. H., & Huang, W. C. (2006). Application of a Quantification SWOT Analytical Method. Mathematical And Computer Modelling, 43(1-2), 158-169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2005.08.016
Çobanoğlu, F., (2013). Do RASFF Notifications Serve as a Motivator or a Barrier to Trade Between Türkiye And The European Union? Turkish Journal Of Agricultural Economics, 19(1):13-25
Eraktan, G., (2017)., 50 Years of the Common Agricultural Policy. In a Akçay B. and Ege A. (Eds.), EU Writings (pp. 93-126), Seckin Academic and Professional Publications, Ankara.
Erden, C., (2012). Food Safety Problems in Turkey and Feasibility of Educational Methods in Embracement of Food Security. [Master's Thesis, Namık Kemal University, Natural and Applied Sciences Institute]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
FAO., & WHO., (2003). Food and Agriculture Organization & World Health Organization., Assuring Food Safety And Quality: Guidelines For Strengthening National Food Control Systems. http://www.fao.org/3/a-y8705e.pdf
FAO., (2001). Food and Agriculture Organization., The state of food insecurity in the world. https://www.fao.org/documents/card/es?details=62e4c9ae-f1e7-508e-8207-ff283a65d
FAO., (2008). Food and Agriculture Organization,. An Introduction to The Basic Concepts of Food Security. https://www.fao.org/3/al936e/al936e00.pdf
Faryabi, M., (2022). Türkiye’s Citrus Export and Utilization of Its Export Potential. [Master’s Thesis., Çukurova University Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences Department Of Agricultural Economics]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
Giray, H., & Soysal, A. (2007). Food Safety and Related Laws in Türkiye., TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 6(6), 485-490.
Gowda N. K.S., Malathi V., & Suganthi R. U., (2004). Effect of Some Chemical and Herbal Compounds on Growth of Aspergillus Parasiticus and Aflatoxin Production. Anim Feed Sci Tech, 116 (3–4): 281–91. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.02.008
Gündüz, M., (2002). Developments that will direct the future of fresh fruit and vegetable trade in the world and its evaluation in terms of Turkey. II. Horticultural Products Preservation and Marketing Symposium Proceeding Book. pp. 14-19.
Güney, O., İ., (2012). Evaluation of Developments in World Agricultural Trade in Terms of Export Competition of Turkish Citrus Sector. PhD. Thesis. [Çukurova University Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Agriculture Economics]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
Gürbüzer, A., (2008). Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Production and Exportation In Türkiye, Problems Faced and Solution Proposals. Master’s Thesis. [Selcuk University, Natural and Applied Sciences Institute, Department of Horticulture]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
Güven, N., (2010). The Structure of Citrus Marketing and The Problems in The Province of Adana. [MSc. Thesis, Çukurova University, Natural and Applied Sciences Institute]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
Irmak, N. I., Yılmaz, K., Şirinyıldız, D. D., & Yorulmaz, A. (2022). Analysis of RASFF Notifications: 2021 Food and Food Contact Material Data Review. The Journal of Food, 47(6), 962–970. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15237/gida.GD22071
Jaud, M., Cadot, O., & Eisennann, A. S., (2009). Do Food Scares Explain Supplier Concentration? An Analysis of EU Agri-Food Imports. [Working Paper, 28.] Paris School of Economics.
Kantaroğlu, M., & Demirbaş, N., (2019).Evaluation of the Product Verification and Tracking System (PTRS) for Food Safety in Turkey. Conference Paper of XI. International Balkan and Near Eastern Social Sciences Congress, Turkey.
Kara, M., (2005). Evolution of Border Trade in Türkiye According to Economic Effects. Dokuz Eylül University, Social Science Journal. 7: (3) 60-79.
Karaca, Ç. (2022). Critique of Malthus’ Theory of Population Based on the Biology-Ideology Relationship. Dört Öge, (22), 99-117.
kdoğan Gedik M., (2020). Food Security As Global Public Goods: An Evaluation for OECD Countries. Sosyoekonomi Journal Vol:28(46), 187-210. DOI: 10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2020.04.10
Kıymaz, T., & Şahinöz, A., (2010). Food Security Situation – The World and Turkey, Ekonomik Yaklasim, 21(76), 1-30
Kızılaslan, H., & Yalçın, A., (2012). Marketing Systems Fresh Fruits and Vegetables of European Union and Türkiye., Social Sciences Research Journal, (2), 119-140.
Koç, G., & Uzmay A., (2015). Food Security and Food Safety: Conceptual Framework, Developments and Türkiye, Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics, 21(1-2), 39-48.
Koç, G., & Uzmay, A. (2022). Food Security and Other Relevant Concepts about Food, Differences and Relationships., Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics, 28(2), 249–260. DOI: 10.24181/tarekoder.1161731
Küçükaltan, B., (2012). Customs activities of logistics companies within the international trade: Kapıkule Border Gate research. Master’s. Thesis., [Marmara University, Institute of Social Sciences, Department of Economics, Division of International Trade and Money Management]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
Küsmez, Y. N., (2016). Terms of Payment and Delivery on Foreign Trade. [Unpublished Master’s Thesis]. Nevşehir Hacibektaş Veli University.
Malthus, T. R. (1798). An essay on the principle of population. The Works of Thomas Robert Malthus, London, Pickering & Chatto Publishers, (1), 1–139.
Niyaz, Ö. C., & İnan, İ. H., (2016). Assessment of the General Situation Regarding Food Security in Türkiye. Journal of Adnan Menderes University Agricultural Faculty, 13(2):1-7.
Öner Aba., G. (2018). A research on the compliance with the GLOBALGAP (EUREPGAP) criteria in terms of production and export of some important fruits in a selected area in Aegean Region. [PhD. Thesis., Ege University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Agriculture Economics]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
Oral, M. A., (2004). Orange Marketing Effectiveness Analysis in Türkiye. [PhD. Thesis, Akdeniz University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Agriculture Economics]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
Rosegrant, M.W., & Cline S.A., (2003), “Global Food Security: Challenges and Policy”, International Food Policy Research Institute, 302(5662), 1917-1919.
Sanchez, M., Sanjuan, A.I., & Akl, G. (2001). The Influence of Experience in Consumption and Personal Attitudes on The Purchase Of Lamb And Beef, 71st EAAE Seminar, Zaragoza-Spain.
Terin, M., Keskin, A., & Terin, S. (2012). The Effect of Customs Union on the Foreign Trade of Agricultural Products between Türkiye and European Union. Atatürk Univ., J. of the Agricultural Faculty, 43(2):133-139.
Topçu, F. H. (2019). Food Security and the Balance of Free Trade: World Trade Organisation Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures., Journal of International Social Research, 12(64), 861–885.
Topoyan M., (2003). Analysis of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) and ISO: 9001:2000 Quality Management System Relations in Food industry. [Master’s. Thesis. Dokuz Eylül University, Institute of Social Science, Department of Production Management, and Industrial Management]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
Uyar, S., (2000). Economic integrations and Customs Union theory., Journal of Foreign Trade, 19(4).
Weihrich, H., (1982). The TOWS Matrix—A Tool for Situational Analysis. Long Range Planning. 15(2), 54-66. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0024-6301(82)90120-0
Xiong, B., & Sumner D. (2013). Food import and food safety in Europe: The role of aflatoxins in pistachios Selected Poster, The Agricultural & Applied Economics Association’s 2013 AAEA & CAES Joint Annual Meeting, Washington, DC.
Yentür, G., & Er, B., (2012). The Evaluation Of The Aflatoxin Presence in Foods., Turkish Bulletin of Hygene and Experimental Biology., 69(1), 41-52.
Zenginoğlu A., (2007). A Research on The Structure of Türkiye’s Citrus Fruit Export With Respect to The EU, Problems and Solutions. [MSc. Thesis., Ege University, Applied and Natural Sciences Institute, Agriculture Economics Department]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
Zenginoğlu, A., & Van Dijk, G. (2006, June 29 – July 2). The Structure of Türkiye’s Citrus Fruit Export from the Standpoint of Türkiye’s Membership in the EU. Marketing Dynamics Within the Global Trading System: New Perspectives. [Conference Paper] 98th EAAE Seminar. Chania – Crete, Greece.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
